The Project zone is recognized as an extreme priority site for biodiversity, especially for birds and invertebrates' conservation (MMA 2002). It holds preserved biodiversity and a very low demographic density, counting with a research station (Scientific Station Ferreira Penna), which allows research and monitoring of flora and fauna. Within the project zone there is a significant concentration of igarapés draining two main rivers: Xingu and Tocantins. Due to this, flooded forests (Igapós and Várzeas) are abundant and provide invertebrates and fish with feeding, breeding and protection areas (Montag et al. 2008), enhancing therefore High Conservation Values already identified in the area. The Project will avoid ecosystems fragmentation and loss due to deforestation. Consequently, the “with project” scenario will benefit the area in numerous ways. Firstly, the implementation of the project will guarantee the conservation of the area as whole. It can be inferred that the vegetation cover will remain intact and will continue to host important species of great biodiversity and socio-economic value. Another positive net impact of the project is the biodiversity monitoring itself. Currently, the monitoring in the Amazon forest is still incipient and fragmented (Marengo 2007) and the Project will add up another area of monitoring to the Amazon as a whole, and, consequently gather accurate information about the local biodiversity and ecological processes. The Project won't generate negative offsite impacts to biodiversity. On the contrary, the Project is expected to generate positive leakage on biodiversity by avoiding ecosystem fragmentation through voluntary engagement of neighbor communities in the Project's activities.

Project Design Document

Validation Report

Northwest of Brazil, in the State of Para, micro region of Portel, municipality of Portel

Since it started in 2008, the Project has been successful in identifying and removing illegal activities such  as logging, squattering and attempts to implement pastures (as made evident by the patrolling reports  made available to the validation team). A staff of guardians that continuously travel around the Project Boundary has performed monitoring and enforcement from 2008 to 2012, having just a few of them living in specific points of the Project Area. Although it was possible to cover and manage such a large area by using the aforementioned guardians, it will become more effective and resource-efficient to have monitoring staff actually living within the Project's Boundary. For this reason, from 2012 onwards the Project will scale-up its monitoring activities by employing and properly training local villagers as monitoring staff. To improve the appropriate area coverage and an effective identification of illegal activities and invasion attempts, the Project will conduct a thorough census in the Project's Boundary and Leakage Belt to identify all affected villagers, to georeference active and resting agricultural plots and to continue with the identification and registration of illegal activities as it has been done since 2005. This census will take place within the first six months after validation and gathered information will be used to develop a detailed social monitoring plan as thoroughly explained in section G1.5 of this Project's CCB PDD. Ranchers identified during this initial census will be invited to participate in the project activities such as capacity building for pasture management, agroforestry practices and others.The agents who will approach the project area are doing so within the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 incentivizes squatters to invade and clear forested land. Under this provision, squatters have the right to claim public or private land that is not under productive use. The Constitution indicates that it is a legal activity to encroach private  property if it is not currently being used, so a squatter can acquire land-use rights after one year of occupation and full-ownership after proving 5 years of continuous use, as long as the landowner does not manifest legal opposition (Araujo, Bonjean et al. 2009). So, any land-grabber that claims land and only deforests 20% of his land (following the parameters of Law number 4771, September 15th 1965 (D.0.U of September 16th 1965) that state each property must retain 80% of its forested area) will not be breaking the law. Under this reasoning, the Project cannot prevent this otherwise it would be preventing application of the law.

PACAJAI REDD+

This is a REDD+ project. It stops deforestation within a private parcels amounting to 135, 105 Ha land area. It is located at the edge of the deforestation frontier in Brazil, in a fast-changing region characterized by forests rich in valuable timber species. However due to illegal logging, unclear land tenure laws, widespread land speculation, overall weak law enforcement and severe poverty, it is causing depredation of natural resources for the benefit of few. Pioneer agents open the path for deforestation agents who cut clear the forest as a measure of proving land ownership and implementing low-cost and practically self-sustained productive activities. The Project's main objective is to avoid and prevent unplanned deforestation in native forests which avoids the net emission of 10,564,630 tCO2e through a period of 41 years of Project's lifetime. The objective of this project is to manage the land in the form of a “private conservation reserve” by developing and implementing a management plan. Such plan will include a rigorous monitoring and enforcement plan built up on the existing experience of ongoing surveillance activities in the area since 2008. Such scaled-up monitoring activities will actively count with the participation of local villagers that will be trained in forest management and monitoring techniques. The medium term goal is to allow forest regeneration thus increasing the amount of carbon sequestered in the forest. The predominant final land-use in the area is deforestation by cattle ranchers to implement pastures, which occurs simultaneously in two deforestation fronts. The project will generate multiple climate, social, and biodiversity benefits.

The project has been designed so as to maximise the positive impacts on communities and minimise the negative ones, seeking to ensure a net positive impact for all stakeholder groups. Two main sources of guidance have been adopted for this process - the Convention on Biodiversity’s Akwé:Kon guidelines and the Manual for Social Impact Assessment of Land-based Carbon Projects Version 2.0 (Richards and Panfil 2011). The latter source in particular provides a structured way to assess both positive and negative impacts in a format consistent with the CCB approach. South-east Asia has seen major losses of biodiversity in the last 40 years and this project aims to reverse that trend for a site of acknowledged international importance. The project aims to maintain the variety, integrity, and extent of all forest types and increase populations of wildlife of conservation concern It is not realistic to expect that all social problems will be avoided, but the with-project case is nonetheless expected to result in much better social situation for those community members affected by the issues listed above. In comparison to the business as usual scenario the main social benefits are listed below:  -> Improving well-being for all social groups, including those vulnerable to declines in natural resources  -> Declines in security and productivity of natural resources minimised and where possible reversed.  -> Declines in the quality of water sources prevented or minimised.  -> Landlessness among the poor kept low and stable.  -> Agricultural productivity and sustainability increasing.  -> Losses to concessions minimized/halted.  -> Land alienation and land illegally minimized or halted.  -> Traditional and new community insitutions effective, cultural cohesion improved and adult literacy increased.  -> Diversity of viable, sustainable livelihood options increasing.

The project takes place within the KSWS and the surrounding area, mainly in Mondulkiri Province with some sections extending into Kratie Province. The site abuts the Vietnamese border and is bisected by Cambodian National Route 76. The KSWS headquarters lie at the south-western entrance to the reserve in Keo Seima District

Environmental Services Inc

The Seima Protection Forest (SPF) covers 292,690 ha. It is located in eastern Cambodia, mainly in Mondulkiri Province with a small area extending into Kratie Province. The REDD project area covers 166,983 ha of forest in the SPF Core Protection Area. The SPF was created by a Prime Ministerial Sub decree in late 2009. This upgraded the conservation status of the former Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area, which operated during 2002-2009. The site is part of the ancestral homeland of large number of ethnic Bunong people, for whom the forest is a key source of income and central to their spiritual beliefs. The area is also a meeting place for two important ecoregions – the Annamite Mountains (notable for high levels of local endemism among evergreen forest species) and the lower Mekong dry forests (which are crucial for the survival of many species typical of lowland deciduous forests). There are 41 Globally Threatened vertebrate species recorded in the project area (including 4 Critically Endangered and 14 Endangered). Many of these occur in globally or regionally outstanding populations, including Asian Elephants, primates, wild cattle, several carnivores and birds such as the Giant Ibis and Green Peafowl. The SPF is currently under threat from accelerating forest clearance for agriculture together with unsustainable resource extraction (including hunting, logging and fishing). These activities harm both biodiversity and local forest-dependent livelihoods. Current drivers of these direct threats include improved road access, population growth, weak law enforcement and governance frameworks, limited recognition of the value of biodiversity and environmental services and rising market demand for both wild products and agricultural produce. The development of mines and agro-industrial plantations could also become potential future deforestation drivers if the area lacked full protection by the government. The illegal selective harvesting of rare Luxury grade tree species is a serious law enforcement issue at the site, as elsewhere in Cambodia, but has negligible long-term effect on carbon stocks. Since 2002, the Forest Administration (FA) has collaborated with the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and other local NGO partners to develop management systems for the SPF, both to conserve and restore the biodiversity values and to protect the livelihoods of local people. The conservation project has a holistic approach with four direct interventions: strengthening legal mechanisms and political support, direct law enforcement, strengthening community natural resource management and developing alternative livelihoods. Effective law enforcement is essential as it underpins all other activities. The sustained investment in supporting land titling for all indigenous communities in the landscape is particularly notable as it protects livelihoods and land rights while also forming a strong basis for cooperation in project implementation.

Seima Wildlife REDD+

Nestled in the lush jungles of eastern Cambodia, the Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary (KSWS) is a haven for biodiversity and a vast storehouse of forest carbon. Spanning over 290,000 hectares, the protected area is home to a diverse array of wildlife, including 84 globally threatened species and the world's largest population of black-shanked douc and yellow-cheeked crested gibbon. The KSWS also holds a unique cultural significance for the Indigenous Bunong people, who have called this forest home for centuries and whose culture and livelihoods are deeply entwined with the forest. Despite the importance of this area, it faces a high threat of deforestation due to various factors, including forest conversion for agriculture and illegal logging. The Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary REDD+ Project (KSWS REDD+), launched in 2010 as a collaboration between the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), has made impressive strides in reducing deforestation and promoting alternative livelihoods. The project has prevented the release of more than 20 million tons of CO2e emissions and saved 25,000 hectares of forest from destruction. It has also created jobs, supported education and training initiatives, and established an ecotourism venture that supports local communities. The project has also distributed nearly $1 million through its Cash for Communities (C4C) program, a mechanism that shares the revenue of carbon credits sales. These funds go directly to local communities, who decide how they should be spent to support sustainable development activities such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure like wells and bridges. In Cambodia, the Ministry of Environment is at the forefront of protecting the country's protected areas, with a focus on preserving the nation's forests. The WCS is a leading global conservation organization operating in 60+ countries and brings its extensive knowledge and experience in conservation to the project.

Monitoring Report

AFC, the largest fertilizer company in Egypt, is located about 15 km east of downtown Alexandria, in a rural area, approximately 5 km outside the small town of Abu Qir. Abu Qir is situated north-east of Alexandria, bordering the suburbs of Alexandria. AFC is located on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The company has road and rail access as well as a nearby ship loading terminal

Nikolaus Kröger

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*

Goal 13

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC developed the Clean Development Mechanism standard. CDM allows emission-reduction projects in developing countries to earn certified emission reduction (CER credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2. These CERs can be traded and sold, and used by industrialized countries to a meet a part of their emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanism stimulates sustainable development and emission reductions, while giving industrialized countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction limitation targets. The CDM is the main source of income for the UNFCCC Adaptation Fund, which was established to finance adaptation projects and programmes in developing country Parties to the Kyoto Protocol that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. The Adaptation Fund is financed by a 2% levy on CERs issued by the CDM.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VVS(UNFCCC)

The proposed project activity will reduce the N2O emissions from the Nitric Acid Plant of Abu Qir
Fertilizer Co. by up to 99% by installing the EnviNOxR process. The project will use CH, as reducing
agent. It is important to emphasise that the purpose of the hydrocarbon and ammonia is not that of a fuel,
increasing the temperature of the tail gas to a level at which high rates of N2O decomposition can take
place, but that they are used as genuine chemical reagents that take part in reactions with N2O and NOx
respectively on specific sites on the surface of catalysts specially developed for the purpose by Uhde.
The proposed project activity will consume about 52 kg methane per hour. The consumption will be fine-
tuned during commissioning of the EnviNOxR reactor.CARBON Egypt Ltd , will invest in the most efficient catalytic
 destruction technology for N2O emissions reduction in the tail gas of nitric acid plants (furthermore called "EnviNOx"-System")
provided by the technology provider UHDE GmbH. CARBON will have one
EnviNOx*-System installed at all the nitric acid plant of ABU QIR II that are in full
commercial operation. AFC will operate the EnviNOx"-System at its nitric acid plant ABU QIR I1, which
was constructed by UHDE in 1991.

Nitrous Gas Removal

The project's aim is to reduce (almost eliminate) Nitrous  Oxide (N2O) emissions at the nitric acid plant ABU QIR II, Alexandria, Egypt, with potential additional environmental and secure social benefits. N2O is a harmful Greenhouse Gas that has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 310 times more than Carbon Dioxide. N2O is an unwanted, invisible and previously neglected by-product of the manufacture of nitric acid. It is formed alongside the main, desired product nitric oxide (NO) during the catalytic oxidation of ammonia in air over nobel metal gauzes. The project activity will not result in any revenues except the income from the sale of CERs. The catalytic N2O destruction project activity is expected to reduce 98% of the N2O emissions that would be emitted without the project activity. Under related project circumstances at the nitric acid of AMI in Austria, UHDE's EnviNOx®-System reduces more than 98% of all N2O emissions of the nitric acid plant. The project applicant and project operator will voluntarily invest a share of the income from the sale of the CERs in a “Social Fund” to support social projects in the area of Abu Qir (additional social benefit).

The Project activity creates local employment during the project construction and operation period and requires training workers as soon as construction begins. During the construction of the wind farm and later phases of its operation and maintenance, the plan is to hire the field owners and their families, and later the inhabitants of Union Hidalgo municipality. Local hiring includes an average of 375 people for civil work during the construction phase, 213 people for electromechanical erection, 55 people for WTG erection, and 8 medium/high qualified persons. Additionally the construction works had a positive impact in the creation of more indirect jobs in companies that provide professional services as well as auxiliary and assistance services like transport, hotel management, food supply, textile industry, etc. A total of 80 jobs were created. Furthermore land lease provides additional income to land owners, who also continue with their regular land use practices (with the corresponding income). Moreover, the Project contributes to Mexico's income through the payment of taxes. The Project also contributes to the market development by providing knowledge about business to power consumers in long-term purchases. Also, a bridge was built on the Espiritu Santo River, improving vehicular traffic for citizens, farmers and livestock farmers, as in theta moment there wass only one bridge that was being repaired. Therefore the Project contributes to improving local income levels and living standards and reducing dependence of fossil fuels as energy sources. Furthermore the Project helps to transfer acquired skills and promote administrative and rural property regulation in Oaxaca.

The Project is located in the municipality of Unión Hidalgo in Oaxaca State, in the southern part of Mexico

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

Goal 7

Mexico's narrow slender belt In the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, between the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, is determined to be a "high wind resource area" with "excellent wind energy potential."The average regional wind speed is more than nineteen miles per hour and is considered one of the windiest places on earth. It is estimated that this region has the potential to generate between 5,000 to 7,000 MV annually, which is equivalent to prividing energy needs of 18 million people.The Piedra Larga Wind Farm (the Project), is located in this areas and is developed by DEMEX OAXACA 1 with the installation of 90 MW from 45 Gamesa G80 wind turbine generators (WTG), each with a capacity of 2 MW located in the municipality of Unión Hidalgo,Oaxaca State, Mexico. This power plant will displace electricity from the national electricity grid, supplied partly from fossil fuels, resulting in a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Project Activity was expected to start in December 1st, 2011, although it was delayed for less than one year. Hence, the operation of the 90 MW wind farm, as well as crediting period which was delayed, started on November 1st, 2012, and the project activity is expected to have a minimum lifetime of 21 years from starting date. The project will be enlarged by the later construction of a second phase of 137.5 MW, which will make the object of a second registered PDD called "Piedra Larga Phase II Wind Farm".The project will generate an average of 365,933 MWh per year that will be supplied to the grid. The project displaces electricity generated by fossil fuel-fired power plants, avoiding GHG emissions estimated in 243,345 tCO2e per year and 1,703,415 tCO2e in the second crediting period. The project is located in municipality of Unión Hidalgo in Oaxaca State, in the southern part of Mexico. The project activity was registered with reference number 4634 on 19/04/2011 as a CDM project  with a renewable 7 years crediting period. Then, the first crediting period was from 01/11/2012 to 31/10/2019. Therefore; the second crediting period will be from 01/11/2019 to 31/10/2026 The project will be enlarged by the later construction of a second phase of 137.5 MW, which  makes the object of a second PDD called Piedra Larga Phase II. The project activity increases the percentage of renewable sourced power in Mexico grid, promoting the growth of renewable capacity and diversifying the Mexican generation mix, significantly contributing to the sustainable development of the region.

Piedra Wind Farm

The purpose of the project activity is to generate renewable electric energy in Mexico through the construction and operation of a 90 MW wind farm in the municipality of Unión Hidalgo, Oaxaca State. The project was enlarged by the construction of a second phase of 137.5 MW, which maked the object of a second PDD. The project activity increased the percentage of renewable sourced power in Mexico grid,  promoting the growth of renewable capacity and diversifying the Mexican generation mix, significantly contributing to the sustainable development of the region. The Project is expected to generate 365,933 MWh per year and be working 4,065.93 hours per year. Wind turbines of 2 MW were installed. The power plant has an expected minimum operating life of 21 years.  The construction phase started on March 22nd, 2011 and the project came into operation on  November 1st, 2012. Piedra Larga Wind Farm was registered as a CDM Project on April 19th,  2011.(first crediting period).

The forecast after installation and operation is that the place will admit a productive activity, which will use natural resources without degrading the environment, once the production of effluents or residues during operation is practically zero. More, the transit of vehicles and people will be minimum, and the environmental changes arising from installation will be compensated or minimized through adoption of mitigation and environmental control measures, reducing the environmental adversities. During the entrepreneurship installation, the adversities generated to the environment are more significant due to direct interventions in the environmental components, such as vegetation removal, material management, equipment and vehicles transit, which reflect in temporary changing of sonority, air quality and environmental discomfort.

Letter of Approval

The project activity is located in Parazinho city, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil.

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

Goal 8

The project activity will deliver 726,712 MWh/year of renewable electricity to the National Interconnected System (Sistema Interligado Nacional - SIN). In the baseline 1 , electricity delivered to the grid by the project activity would have been generated by the operation of grid connected power plants and by the addition of new generation sources, as reflected in the combined margin (CM) calculations. Hence, the project activity will promote GHG emissions reductions by displacing fossil fuel-based electricity generation that would otherwise occur. The project boundary includes CO2 emissions from electricity generation in fossil fuel fired power plants that are displaced due to the project activity. Project and leakage emissions are not expected. The project activity contributes to the host country's sustainable development in the following ways: • Contribution to local environmental sustainability: The project activity will produce renewable electricity from low environmental impact wind power plants; • Contribution to the net workplace generation: New job posts will be created by the project activity, especially during project implementation; • Contribution towards the diversification of the electric mix and towards energetic security: The period when there is the greatest abundance of wind resources is coincident with the period of the smallest hydraulic availability, in Brazil. Hence, wind based electricity generation is complementary to hydroelectricity, which contributes to the security of renewable electricity supply throughout the year and, hence, to the diminishment of the dependence upon fossil fuels during the dry season2 . • Contribution to technological learning and technological development: This type of project can stimulate similar initiatives inside the Brazilian energy sector and encourage the development of modern and more efficient renewable energy units throughout Brazil. Host Party: Federative Republic of BrazilState: Rio Grande do Norte Municipality: Parazinho

SantaClara WindFarm

The project activity consists of the implementation and operation of seven Wind Power Plants (WPPs), Santa Clara I, II, III, IV, V, VI and Eurus VI, located in Parazinho, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. The project activity makes use of 94 horizontal-axis aerogenerators (model: Enercon E82 E2), each with 2.0 MW (total nominal capacity: 188 MW). Santa Clara I, II, III, IV, V, VI use 15 aerogenerators each, whereas Eurus VI use the remaining 4 aerogenerators. The project activity will deliver 726,712 MWh/year of renewable electricity to the National Interconnected System (Sistema Interligado Nacional - SIN). Expected life of project is 20 years and zero months

The project makes contribution to the local sustainable development as follows: 1. GHG emission reduction The proposed project activity will achieve greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions by reducing CO2 emissions, as grid-connected fossil fuel-fired power dominates in the Northwest China Power Grid. 2. Pollutants emission reduction through replacing fossil fuel combustion The proposed project is to reduce grid-connected fossil fuel-fired power plants in the Northwest China Power Grid, and thus reduce fossil fuel consumption and avoid pollutants emission, such as sulfur dioxide and dust, brought by fossil fuel combustion. Therefore, the proposed project has obvious environmental benefit. 3. Employment opportunities The conducting of the proposed project will offer job opportunities for local people. The temporary work includes assembly and installation of the wind turbines and the long-term work can be the maintenance of the facilities, etc. 4. Contribution to the Development of the local Region The construction and operation of the project will be favourable to the economic growth of the local city with expected revenues

The proposed project is located in Dabancheng District, Urumqi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, P. R. China. 

The project is to utilize wind resources for electricity generation in Dabancheng District, Urumqi
City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, P. R. China. The project is a grid-connected renewable
energy to electricity project. The project will achieve obvious greenhouse gas(GHG) emission
reductions through the displacement of mainly fossil-fuel dominated grid connected power
generation in Northwest China Power Grid.
Prior to the start of implementation of the project activity, there is no power generation unit at the
site of the project. The scenario is Northwest China Power Grid providing the same electricity
service as the project. Northwest China Power Grid is dominated by the fossil-fuel fired power
plants.
The project scenario is the implementation of the project and replaces the same amount of
electricity generated by Northwest China Power Grid, which is dominated by the fossil-fuel fired
power plants.
The baseline scenario of the project is the same as the scenario prior to the start of the
implementation of the project activity.
The project involves the installation of 33 sets of wind turbines with a capacity of 1,500kW each,
which amounts to a total installed capacity of 49.5MW. The selected wind turbines are the models
of GW70/1500 according to the wind turbine purchase contract. The estimated net annual power
supplied to the grid is 129,195 MWh. The expected effective operating hour amount to 2,610h per
year and the plant load factor is 29.8%1. 

Xinjiang Wind Farm

Xinjiang Dabancheng Wind Farm Phase I Project is to utilize wind resources for electricity generation through the construction of a wind farm with a total capacity of 49.5MW and an 110kV transmission station in Dabancheng District, Urumqi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, P. R. China. The proposed project involves the installation of 33 wind turbines with capacities of 1,500kW each, which amount to a total installed capacity of 49.5MW. The electricity generated from the project will be supplied to the Northwest China Power Grid (NWCPG). The estimated annual net electricity output and annual emission reductions of the proposed project are 129,195 MWh and 99,144 tCO2e in the second crediting period (01/08/2019~31/07/2026), respectively. The proposed project is a grid-connected renewable energy project. 

The Project activity created local employment during the project construction and operation period and required training workers as soon as construction began. Likewise, skills were easily transferred to other wind power projects that were developing in the area. Specifically, during the construction of the wind farm and later phases for its operation and maintenance, the field owners and their families were hired and also the inhabitants of Union Hidalgo municipality. In addition to the direct jobs that were created, the construction works had a positive impact in the creation of more indirect jobs in companies that provide professional services as well as auxiliary and assistance services like transport, hotel management, food supply, etc. Furthermore, land lease provides additional income to land owners, who also continue with their regular land use practices (with the corresponding income). Moreover, the Project contributes to  Mexico's income through the payment of taxes. The Project also contributes to the market development by providing knowledge about business to power consumers in long-term purchases. Also, a new bridge was built on the Espiritu Santo River, improving land traffic for citizens, farmers and livestock farmers, since before the construction of the project there was only one bridge. Therefore, the Project contributes to improving local income levels and living standards and reducing dependence of fossil fuels as energy sources. Furthermore, the Project helped to transfer acquired skills and to promote administrative and rural property regulation in Oaxaca.

The Project is located in Oaxaca State, in the southern part of Mexico. It is situated in the municipality of Unión Hidalgo, with 13,547 habitants in 2010, according to INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática) data. The Project site has a 1,075 hectares total area, but installed wind turbines, platforms and access roads will only occupy a space of 24.65 hectares (2.29% of total area).

Mexico's narrow slender belt In the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, between the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, is determined to be a “high wind resource area” with “excellent wind energy potential.”The average regional wind speed is more than nineteen miles per hour and is considered one of the windiest places on earth. It is estimated that this region has the potential to generate between 5,000 to 7,000 MV annually, which is equivalent to prividing energy needs of 18 million people. The Piedra Larga Wind Farm (the Project), is located in this areas and is developed by DEMEX OAXACA 1 with the installation of 90 MW from 45 Gamesa G80 wind turbine generators (WTG), each with a capacity of 2 MW located in the municipality of Unión Hidalgo,Oaxaca State, Mexico. This power plant will displace electricity from the national electricity grid, supplied partly from fossil fuels, resulting in a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Project Activity was expected to start in December 1st, 2011, although it was delayed for less than one year. Hence, the operation of the 90 MW wind farm, as well as crediting period which was delayed, started on November 1st, 2012, and the project activity is expected to have a minimum lifetime of 21 years from starting date. The project will be enlarged by the later construction of a second phase of 137.5 MW, which will make the object of a second registered PDD called “Piedra Larga Phase II Wind Farm”.The project will generate an average of 365,933 MWh per year that will be supplied to the grid. The project displaces electricity generated by fossil fuel-fired power plants, avoiding GHG emissions estimated in 243,345 tCO2e per year and 1,703,415 tCO2e in the second crediting period. The project is located in municipality of Unión Hidalgo in Oaxaca State, in the southern part of Mexico. The project activity was registered with reference number 4634 on 19/04/2011 as a CDM project  with a renewable 7 years crediting period. Then, the first crediting period was from 01/11/2012 to 31/10/2019. Therefore; the second crediting period will be from 01/11/2019 to 31/10/2026 The project will be enlarged by the later construction of a second phase of 137.5 MW, which  makes the object of a second PDD called Piedra Larga Phase II. The project activity increases the percentage of renewable sourced power in Mexico grid, promoting the growth of renewable capacity and diversifying the Mexican generation mix, significantly contributing to the sustainable development of the region. The expected operational lifetime is 20 years. The 137.5 MW are evacuated by a new 27.94 km long 230 kV transmission line, from the project  site to the Subestación Ixtepec Potencia substation (before called La Ventosa). It is a double circuit aerial line, that is separated in a stretch of 507 m to enable the crossing with the two 230 kV CFE's lines coming from the substation Juile to the Juchitán II. The development of the Project helped to promote application of wind turbines in Mexico, an environmentally safe technology which contributes to sustainable development. The technological transfer and the local hiring for the electrical and mechanical maintenance is also an important contribution to the sustainable development in this area.

Piedra II Wind Farm

The purpose of the project activity is the generation of renewable electric energy in Mexico through the construction and operation of a 137.5 MW wind farm in the municipality of Unión Hidalgo, Oaxaca State, in México. This project is an enlargement of a first phase of 90 MW, which made the object of a first PDD. The Project has an 69 wind turbines of 2 MW installed (Gamesa Eólica G80 initially foreseen)

The project will contribute significantly to sustainable development of the project area. It will promote the use of clean energy, educate and train the rural population on solar energy technology, create employment and build awareness in environmental protection among the rural population. Those who will be directly benefited from the project are 50,000 households involved in the project. These people will get a clean and reliable energy supply for their daily cooking and will get relief from high fuel costs and reduced exposure to health-damaging air.  The project increases women's access to or control of resources, entitlements and benefits. The project targets the most vulnerable people in the country to ease access to a clean cooking solution.

6 townships (Zaoyuan Township, Luyi Township, Wanggang Township, Gaoqiu Township, Chaopo Township and Yangying Township) of Zhengping County, Nanyang City, Henan Province

Earthood Services Private Limited

Dr. Kaviraj Singh, Managing Director, Earthood and Jia Yu, Technical Reviewer, Carbon Pass 

Gold Standard

The project will enable the rural households to partly and efficiently substitute solar energy for fossil fuel (coal) used in daily cooking and water boiling, avoiding CO2 emission that would be generated by fossil fuel consumption. The project is designed to distribute solar cookers to the rural households to substitute solar energy for the fossil fuel (coal) used in daily cooking and water boiling in China, thus to reduce the use of coal. The daylighting area of each solar cooker is no less than 1.8m2 and the rated output is 894.6Wth. The solar cookers are distributed and implemented from 01/01/2019 to 14/01/2019 to different townships by the Sirreon Technology and Development (Beijing) Co., the manufacturer and the local coordinators. The starting date of the crediting period is the day after the solar cookers are completely distributed. The physical, geographical installation site of the 50,000 sets solar cookers that distributed in the rural area six townships (Zaoyuan Township, Luyi Township, Wanggang Township, Gaoqiu Township, Chaopo Township  and Yangying Township) of Zhenping County delineates the project boundary.The solar cooker is a kind of device which uses the parabolic reflectors to gather the direct solar radiation energy for cooking. It is generally composed of cooker body, pot rack, cooker rack and tracking and adjusting mechanism. All of the materials and facilities engaged in the project are of domestic manufacture, and there is no direct technology transfer in this project activity.

Solar Cooker CORSIA

The project involves the distribution of 50,000 solar cookers to rural households in Zhenping County, Henan Province. Solar cookers are distributed to users free of charge and the maintenance cost shall also be borne by the project owner. The investors get profits by selling the emission reduction generated by using solar cookers. The majority of the rural households in Zhenping use coal-fired stoves for water boiling and cooking. Using coal-fired stoves not only leads to significant greenhouse gas emissions but also air pollution which represents a high risk for the health of the residents. In addition, the use of coal-fired stoves needs families to spend money on purchasing coal. The project activity will enable the rural households to efficiently substitute solar energy for the fossil fuel (coal) used in daily cooking and water boiling, avoiding CO2 emission that would be generated by fossil fuel consumption.

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

Goal 15

The VCS Program is the world's most widely used voluntary GHG program. Over 1,803 certified VCS projects have collectively reduced or removed more than 957 million tonnes of carbon and other GHG emissions from the atmosphere. VCS Program ensure the credibility of emission reduction projects. Once projects have been certified against the VCS Program, project developers can issued tradable GHG credits, also known as Verified Carbon Units (VCUs. Those VCUs can then be sold on the open market and retired by individuals and companies as a means to offset their own emissions.

Verra

The project is community-based and consists of implementation of activities in conjunction with the local population. In the project area, access to technology and investment in rural subsistence farming is largely absent. The Kariba REDD+ Project includes a program aimed at improving rural agricultural productivity through provision of inputs and equipment, maintenance and establishment of infrastructure, and training of local farmers. To promote conservational agriculture, training sessions will be held following the FAO’s Farmer Field School approach. Inputs such as tools and seeds will be provided. Beekeeping adds value to standing forests and enables locals to generate income streams that do not cause deforestation. Selected wards in the Kariba REDD+ Project RDCs will pioneer the beekeeping project activity and will act as reference wards during a scaling-up phase that will involve all of the wards. On the ground, beekeeping activities include workshops on the construction of beehives and assistance in processing and marketing the produced honey within regional markets. A processing center will be set up in the medium term of 3-5 years. The establishment of sustainably-managed fuelwood plantations has the potential to reduce the pressure on natural forests and improve the livelihoods of locals because labor force becomes available that would otherwise be needed to collect fuelwood. The project will also promote the multipurpose tree Moringa (Moringa oleifera) for nutritional purposes. Some of the multipurpose trees will be planted in irrigation schemes and community gardening projects. Communities will be trained in tree planting and seedling production as precursors for the actual tree planting. The indigenous knowledge in forest conservation and management will be documented and shared across the project areas. The areas and trees that are of value to indigenous peoples will be recognized and mapped. This will enhance the conservation efforts of the forest resources. The mapping exercise will also highlight areas with abundant non-timber forest product resources that the communities consider for income generation. These include fruits, murara and thatch grass. The communities will be trained in sustainable harvesting, processing and marketing. This will enhance conservation because the communities will get more tangible benefits from their  resources.

The Kariba REDD+ Project is located in northwestern Zimbabwe, partly along the southern shore of Lake Kariba, the largest artificial lake in the world by volume. The project area spans four provinces: Matabeleland North, Midlands, Mashonaland West and Mashonaland Central. The project is administered by four Rural District Councils (RDCs): Binga, Nyaminyami, Hurungwe and Mbire. The project is community-based and implements activities in conjunction with the local population. As the affected communities all live within the boundaries of the project area, under CCBS the project zone equals the project area in this project.

Francis Eaton

Goal 1

The Kariba REDD+ Project is located in northwestern Zimbabwe, partly along the southern shore of Lake Kariba, the largest artificial lake in the world by volume. The project area of 784’987 hectares of forest (consisting of woodland and open woodland) spans four provinces: Matabeleland North, Midlands, Mashonaland West and Mashonaland Central. The project is administered by four Rural District Councils (RDCs): Binga, Nyaminyami, Hurungwe and Mbire.
The project is community-based and consists of implementation of activities in conjunction with the local population. The project, which started on July 1st, 2011 will generate a total of around 196,513,929 emission reductions from the reduction of deforestation. Additional carbon benefits resulting from stopping degradation will not be claimed. The main causes of deforestation are socio-economic (subsistence agriculture, the collection of firewood and poaching activities) and settlements. Decreasing deforestation will be achieved through a series of activities that are designed to improve significantly the livelihoods of locals, such as improved agriculture, beekeeping, fuelwood plantations and fire management. In addition, a significant share of the project’s carbon income will be invested in general activities that promote and guarantee project sustainability. The project’s Community and Project Sustainability Fund is structured to benefit whole communities, specifically including the poorest members of society. The fund will be used to improve health and education in the project area due to long term activities.

The project area lies within the Zambezian biome of the Zambezi basin.1 The major ecosystem includes mopane and miombo woodland. The project area is an important wildlife area, showing significant populations of African elephants, lions, impalas, hippos, buffalo, leopard and crocodiles, along with a wide variety of birds, including the IUCN red list vulnerable species Southern Ground Hornbill, Lappet-faced Vulture, and White-headed Vulture.

In the past, the natural resources of the project areas supported significant populations of wildlife, including elephants, which, in turn, supported a variety of tourism and safari activities. However, the economic and political crises over the past decade led to a decrease in tourism. Poaching also escalated in the project area. As a result, wildlife populations have been severely reduced.

There is no significant income to offset the cost of the activities to mitigate deforestation without carbon revenues. In the absence of active protection that creates sustainable economic alternatives for communities, the land in the project area will be cleared for non-sustainable alternative land-use scenarios.

KARIBA REDD+

The Kariba REDD+ Project is located in northwestern Zimbabwe, partly along the southern shore of Lake Kariba, the largest artificial lake in the world by volume. This Project will generate approximately 196,500,000 carbon credits from reduced emissions associated with deforestation over 30 years. The project will lead to the protection of both unlogged forest and previously logged forest that has the regenerative capacity to reach a mature, 'old growth' state.The reduction in deforestation “will be achieved through a series of activities that are designed to significantly improve the livelihoods of locals, such as improved agriculture, beekeeping, fuelwood plantations and fire management. In addition, a significant share of the project's carbon income will be invested in general activities that promote and guarantee project sustainability. The project's Community and Project Sustainability Fund is structured to benefit whole communities, specifically the poorest members of society. The fund will be used to improve health and education in the project area with its long-term activities.